'Jonathan+Pong'+Manganese+-+The+incorruptible+chameleon

Manganese is a transition metal found in the periodic table:

Atomic number: 25

Atomic mass: 54.9380 g.mol -1

Density: 7.43 g.cm-3 at 20°C

Melting point: 1247 °C

Boiling point: 2061 °C

Number of isotopes: 7

Electronic configuration: [ Ar ] 3d5 4s2

Number of electrons in shells: 2.8.13.2



Manganese is one of the most abundant metals found in the soil, existing in oxide and hydroxide states there.

Manganese is a metal that is easy to **oxidize** . As such, it can form compounds like MnO4− .

**OXIDATION STATES**

__+2__ > <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;"> >
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Manganese, in its oxidation state <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">**+2** <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">, has a <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">pale pink <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> colour.
 * <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Examples would be <span style="font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal;">Manganese(II) chloride, Manganese(II) sulfate, and also in the mineral rhodochrosite, also known as Manganese(II) carbonate.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">Manganese in the +2 oxidation state is the most stable of all the other isotopes.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal;">Manganese in the +2 oxidation state can be found in the body, and it has a huge role to play, as it is one of the 3 toxic trace elements (elements you need but you can't have too much of it). Oddly enough, the role of manganese inside the body is to counter another toxic, superoxide.

__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">+3 __


 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">An example of Manganese in its +3 oxidation state is Manganese (III) fluoride.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">It is useful for converting hydrocarbons into fluorocarbons.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">It has no colour.

__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">+4 __


 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">An example is Manganese (IV) oxide.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal;">It is used in the making of alkaline batterie

__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">+5 __


 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Manganese in its +5 oxidation state is <span style="color: #0047ff; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">blue <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">They are salts.

__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">+6 __


 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Manganese in its +6 oxidation state is <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"> green <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">They are salts.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">An example is potassium manganate (not to be confused with potassium PERmanganate)

__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">+7 __


 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Manganese in its +7 oxidation state is mostly <span style="color: #6b4794; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">purple <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">They can be used as dyes for glass, giving them a violet hue.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">Further more, due to its large oxidation number, it is a powerful oxidizer, hence are used commonly in labs as a reagent (a tool to see whether a chemical reaction had occurred).
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">They can also be used in treating diseases.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">They were also originally used as tissue dyes for the microscope.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">Examples include Potassium Permanganate, Sodium Permanganate and Barium Permanganate.



__**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif;">APPLICATION **__

__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif;">Metal industry: __


 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">85-90% of mined manganese is used in making metal
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">Manganese is used in the steel industry to make steel more tensile, and workable.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">It helps in sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing and alloying the steel/iron.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">It is also fundemantel for the making of cheap stainless steel.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">Manganese is also an alloying agent for aluminum.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">It helps to decrease galvanic corrosion.

__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif;">Batteries: __
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">Manganese(IV) oxide can be a substitute for zinc in alkaline batteries.



__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dyes: __
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">Manganese (III) can be used with iron (II) to form slightly pink coloured glass.

__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif;">Others: __
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">Manganese can be used as a disinfectant, due to its high oxidation state.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">With all those however, Manganese can be rather deadly to you.

__**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">HEALTH RISKS (TOO MUCH): **__
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">With too much intake of Manganese, it can cause hallucinations, forgetfulness and nerve-damage.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">It may also cause Parkinson and lung related diseases, as it mostly effects the brain and the respiratory tracks.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">When men are exposed to manganese for too long, they become impotent. I**nterestingly, manganese can be found in tea**. Is this where the myth that green tea is a spermicide came about? [[image:shocked_face.jpeg width="18" height="18"]]


 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">Permanent disabilities can happen with chronic manganese poisoning. This include respiratory problems, nervous damage.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">Shortages of manganese can also cause health problems, as it is a trace element in your body.

__**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13pt;">HEALTH RISKS (TOO LITTLE) **__
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-decoration: none;">Fatness
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">Glucose intolerance
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">Blood clotting
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">Skin problems
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">Lowered cholesterol levels
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">Skeleton disorders
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">Birth defects
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">Changes of hair colour
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">Neurological symptoms

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">With that, it is a relief that manganese can be found in our daily diet. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">These include:
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">grain and rice
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">eggs
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">soya beans
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">nuts
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">olive oil
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">green beans
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">oysters
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">(Hence, with a meal comprising of bread and rice, coupled with eggs fried in olive oil and green beans, and oyster in nut sauce, you're bound to get you daily manganese intake!)

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">Hence, it can be concluded that manganese is highly important in our daily lives. Without it, we would not have high quality steel, pink glasswares and may die as well. With it being used to reduce galvanic corrosion and make stainless steel, and the many hues it can take upon, it is an incorruptible chameleon.

<span style="font-family: ArialMT,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0in;">Bibliography: <span style="font-family: ArialMT,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0in;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese <span style="font-family: ArialMT,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0in;">http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/mn.htm <span style="font-family: ArialMT,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0in;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloride <span style="font-family: ArialMT,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0in;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(III)_fluoride <span style="font-family: ArialMT,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0in;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_dioxide <span style="font-family: ArialMT,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin-bottom: 0in;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_manganate